Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

HIV/AIDS is one of the health problems that are of concern to public health globally. HIV/AIDs is associated with significant burden to the patients, their significant others and the population as a whole. The effect of HIV/AIDS can be seen from the high cost associated with its treatment as well as loss of productivity in the affected populations. HIV/AIDs also has significant effects on the overall socioeconomic development in a state. Therefore, this paper compares the policy approaches adopted to address HIV/AIDs in the USA and Canada

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Global Healthcare Issue	HIV/AIDS
Description	HIV/AIDS is one of the health problems that are affecting a significant proportion of population globally. The treatment of HIV/AIDs has been improving over the past years with better outcomes due to technological advancements and new interventions for the disease. HIV/AIDS is a problem experienced in both the US and Canada. Statistics shows that about 1.2 million people in America have HIV/AIDS. The prevalence is reported to be high in specific groups such as ethnic minorities when compared to the native populations (hiv.gov, 2021). In Canada, the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS is reported to be 6 per every 100000 people. The estimated number of people living with HIV is 62050 (Haddad et al., 2019). The burden of HIV/AIDs is significantly high in both governments. As a result, they have embraced policies that aim at improving the safety, quality, and access to care for people affected by HIV/AIDS.
Country	United States	Canada
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue	The US government has embraced a number of interventions to address the issue of HIV/AIDs. It adopted the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for use in implementing response and management of the epidemic. Through the strategy, the US government has increased its funding on programs that aim at addressing the disease. It has also increase its screening services to facilitate the early diagnosis and treatment of patients. The government has also increased the access to healthcare for patients with HIV/AIDs through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid (Panagiotoglou et al., 2018).	The government of Canada has also invested its resources in initiatives that aim at the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDs. The government through its initiatives supports programs that aim at creating awareness in the population about HIV/AIDs. The government also works closely with other agencies to empower the populations address the issue of HIV/AIDs (Bourgeois et al., 2017).
What are the strengths of this policy?	One of the strengths of the policy adopted by the US to address HIV/AIDs is its focus on disease prevention and early management. The policy also addresses barriers to healthcare for patients with HIV. It also promotes health promotion through early diagnosis and treatment (Beyrer, 2021).	The policy by the Canadian government is associated with the strength of promoting population empowerment. It also mobilizes the use of the locally available resources to address issues related to HIV/AIDs. There is also the increased focus on community participation in addressing the health issue (Haddad et al., 2018).
What are the weaknesses of this policy?	The policy strategy utilized in the US does not account for the actual unmet needs of the populations affected by HIV/AIDS. The policy also ignores the critical resources that are needed for the effective management of the epidemic. Lastly, the approach to funding the implementation of strategies is not provided. Therefore, it might be difficult to implement most of the strategies to address HIV/AIDS.	The policy of HIV/AIDS management in Canada has the weakness of providing a comprehensive analysis of the sustainability of HIV/AIDS prevention and management strategies. It also lacks an effective framework for continuous improvement of the policy provisions.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)	Social determinants of health may affect HIV/AIDS management and prevention in the US in a number of ways. Social determinants such as socioeconomic status affect access to high quality care among the affected populations. People with high socioeconomic status are likely to access the care that they need to affordability of care when compared to low socioeconomic status. Factors such as ethnicity also affect HIV/AIDS. For example, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is higher in ethnic minority groups such as African Americans when compared to native Americans. Employment status also affects HIV/AIDs. In this case, lack of employment predisposes individuals to engaging in risky sexual behaviors such as prostitution, which predisposes them to HIV/AIDS (Jeffries & Henny, 2019).	Income level is one of the social determinants of health that relates to HIV/AIDS in Canada. People with high income experience enhanced health outcomes in relation to HIV/AIDS when compared to low income earners. The level of income influences access and affordability of high quality care. Level of education is the other determinant of health that relates to HIV/AIDS. Level of education influences awareness about the causes, risks, treatment, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. For example, educated populations that are well informed about HIV/AIDS are least likely to engage in practices that predispose them to the epidemic when compared to the illiterate persons. The influence can also be seen from the utilization of preventive and health promotion services for people living with HIV/AIDS (Gormley et al., 2020).
How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?	The US government has addressed issue of cost, quality and access to care for HIV/AIDS patients through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Patients also have access to free anti-retroviral medications. Testing and counseling for HIV/AIDs for the population are also free. The government also adopted the Affordable Care Act that increased the ability of the population, including those affected by HIV/AIDS to access the care that they need (Panagiotoglou et al., 2018). Struggling to Meet Your Deadline? Get your assignment on Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement done on time by medical experts. Don’t wait – ORDER NOW! Meet my deadline	The government of Canada through its provinces provides partial or full coverage for antiretroviral medications for its affected populations. Through it, the cost-burden of medications is reduced. The government through programs such as Trillum Drug Program also addresses issues of cost, access and quality by covering the costs of medications for the population. Screening services for patients with HIV/AIDs and the population are also free (Gormley et al., 2020).
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)	The National HIV/AIDS strategy has increased access to high quality and affordable care for patients affected by HIV/AIDs. The policy has also increased the lifespan of the patients due to reduced complications and worsening of outcomes. The policy has also led to increased productivity among the affected populations due to reduced hospitalization, hospital visits, and costs of care.	The policy on increased funding for HIV/AIDS programs adopted by the Canadian government has enhanced access to care for the patients. It has also expanded access to preventive and screening services for the population. It has also addressed barriers to care such as cost that people living with HIV/AIDS experience.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country.	The impact of the policy on the role of the nurses is that nurses have to act as advocates for the people with HIV/AIDS. Nurses have to ensure equity in access to and use of HIV/AIDS-related care and services. They also have to educate the public about the benefits of HIV/AIDs screening, early treatment and prevention strategies (Mottiar & Lodge, 2018).	The impact of the policy adopted by the Canadian government on the role of nurses is that nurses have to advocate the adoption of better policies to address the needs of patients with HIV/AIDs. The majority of care services for HIV/AIDs in Canada are not universally covered in government programs for health. The implication is the high cost of care incurred by people with HIV/AIDs. Nurses therefore have the role of advocating the adoption of policies that address barriers to care for people with HIV/AIDS (Mottiar & Lodge, 2018).
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)	HIV/AIDS affect local healthcare organizations and policies in America. HIV/AIDs cause significant burden to the affected populations in America. It also contributes to high expenditure by the state in addressing the needs of the affected populations. It also affects policies by increasing the need for policy provisions that expand access to care for the affected populations. For example, besides the Affordable Care Act, Medicare, and Medicaid, the state has to adopt new policies or policy improvements to address the social determinants of health in populations affected by HIV/AIDS (hiv.gov, 2021).	HIV/AIDS also affects local healthcare organizations and policies in Canada. An increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDs results in increased care needs and workload in healthcare organizations. It also increases the burden of the disease to the patients and significant others due to issues such as costs and loss of productivity. As noted earlier, Canada does not have universal coverage programs for HIV/AIDs patients. As a result, it increases the need for the adoption of more inclusive policies for HIV/AIDs in the state (Bourgeois et al., 2017).
General Notes/Comments

Conclusion

In conclusion, HIV/AIDs is an issue of concern for both the US and Canada. The US and Canada have adopted policies aiming at improving quality, cost and access to care for HIV/AIDs. The policies have a number of strengths as well as weaknesses. Nurses have a unique responsibility of ensuring that the policies adopted address the barriers to care experienced by patients with HIV/AIDs. Therefore, they should advocate the prioritization of the care needs of people with HIV/AIDs in policy-related issues.

Part 2

An effective plan of social change to address HIV/AIDS locally and internationally is embracing multi-sectorial and stakeholder interventions for health. The interventions should adopt the global perspective because of their ability to promote inclusiveness in care as well as the realization of care needs of the diverse patient populations. I would therefore advocate the incorporation of global perspectives into my practice and role as a nurse through a number of ways. One of them is through creation of awareness. I will work with other nurses to create awareness among healthcare providers on the importance of global perspective. I will also link nurses with other nurses globally for them to share ideas on the ways in which enhanced health outcomes can be achieved in HIV/AIDS management. I will also champion the use of globally recognized, evidence-based interventions in addressing HIV/AIDS (Catton, 2020). Through the above interventions, I will be advocating the use of global perspective in my practice as a nurse leader.

The incorporation of the global perspective in addressing HIV/AIDS may impact my local practice and as a nurse leader. Firstly, global perspective builds the desired cultural competence in nurses and nurse leaders. It enables them to understand the unique approaches to care that can be used in their practice to improve outcomes of care. Global perspective also advances the knowledge, skills, and experience of nurses and nurse leaders. Nurses and nurse leaders learn about new aspects of practice that can be used to advance patient care. Global perspective also strengthens system understanding of the nurses and nurse leaders. Nurses understand the critical determinants of inter-professional and international relationships that should be incorporated into care for optimum outcomes (Yatsu & Saeki, 2021).

Incorporation of global perspective into my local practice as a nurse leader contributes to social change. Firstly, it increases the cultural competence that I need in working with patients and individuals from diverse backgrounds. The global lens also strengthens my understanding of the system and structural changes that are needed in nursing practice to address the needs of the diverse populations. For example, it increases my understanding of interventions such as research, innovation, and evidence-based practice in addressing global issues affecting health. Therefore, the understanding is a critical source of social change in my practice.

References

Beyrer, C. (2021). Work undone—HIV/AIDS in the USA. Science, 372(6549), 1369–1369. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0619

Bourgeois, A., Edmunds, M., Awan, A., Jonah, L., Varsaneux, O., & Siu, W. (2017). HIV in Canada—Surveillance Report, 2016. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 43(12), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v43i12a01

Catton, H. (2020). Global nursing leadership: Alive and kicking in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Nursing Review, 67(3), 301–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12623

Gormley, R., Lin, S. Y., Carter, A., Nicholson, V., Webster, K., Martin, R. E., Milloy, M.-J., Pick, N., Howard, T., Wang, L., de Pokomandy, A., Loutfy, M., Kaida, A., Abdul-Noor, R., Anema, A., Angel, J., Bakombo, D. M., Barry, F., Bauer, G., … on behalf of the CHIWOS Research Team. (2020). Social Determinants of Health and Retention in HIV Care Among Recently Incarcerated Women Living with HIV in Canada. AIDS and Behavior, 24(4), 1212–1225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02666-7

Haddad, N., Li, J., Totten, S., & McGuire, M. (2018). HIV in Canada—Surveillance Report, 2017. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 44(12), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v44i12a03

Haddad, N., Robert, A., Weeks, A., Popovic, N., Siu, W., & Archibald, C. (2019). HIV in Canada—Surveillance Report, 2018. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 45(12), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i12a01

hiv.gov. (2021, June 2). U.S. Statistics. HIV.Gov. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics

Jeffries, W. L., & Henny, K. D. (2019). From Epidemiology to Action: The Case for Addressing Social Determinants of Health to End HIV in the Southern United States. AIDS and Behavior, 23(3), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02687-2

Mottiar, S., & Lodge, T. (2018). The role of community health workers in supporting South Africa’s HIV/ AIDS treatment programme. African Journal of AIDS Research, 17(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2017.1402793

Panagiotoglou, D., Olding, M., Enns, B., Feaster, D. J., del Rio, C., Metsch, L. R., Granich, R. M., Strathdee, S. A., Marshall, B. D. L., Golden, M. R., Shoptaw, S., Schackman, B. R., Nosyk, B., Del Rio, C., Dombrowski, J. C., Feaster, D. J., Gebo, K. A., Golden, M. R., Granich, R. M., … the Localized HIV Modeling Study Group. (2018). Building the Case for Localized Approaches to HIV: Structural Conditions and Health System Capacity to Address the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Six US Cities. AIDS and Behavior, 22(9), 3071–3082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2166-6

Yatsu, H., & Saeki, A. (2021). Current trends in global nursing: A scoping review. Nursing Open, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.938

Global Health Care

Part 1

	United States Response to HIV/AIDS	Kenya Response to HIV/AIDS
National Health Policy	One of the federal policies that have been adopted in the US is the National HIV/AIDS strategy for the United States. It is an action plan that federal governments should adopt. The action plan provides guidance on a number of issues related to HIV/AIDS in America. They include strategies to reduce new infections, increase access to care by the affected, improving outcomes of care for the patients, reducing disparities and inequities in access to care by the affected, and promoting a highly effective coordination of the state’s response to the epidemic (The White House Washington, 2015).	One of the policies that Kenya has adopted in response to HIV/AIDS is the Kenya AIDs strategic framework 2014/2015-2018/2019. The framework provides closely related guidelines to that of the US on issues related to HIV/AIDs. They include the strategies for reducing new infections; enhancing health outcomes of the patients, utilizing human rights based approach in increasing access to services, strengthening community integration and health systems, strengthening research and innovation to meet goals of the framework, and enhancing utilization of evidence to improve outcomes of the affected (National AIDS Control Council 2014).
Strengths and weaknesses of each of the policies	One of the strengths of the above policy is its focus on the utilization of the existing resources in the state to address the endemic. There is also the focus on the promotion of equity in access to services by the affected patients. There is also the increased focus on the need for multi-stakeholder collaboration for the goals of the policy to be achieved. One of the weaknesses of the policy is its minimal emphasis on the active role of the healthcare providers in achieving the goals of the policy. Minimal focus has also been placed on the importance of research and innovation in the realization of the goals of the policy.	One of the strengths of the above policy is its focus on community integration into the implementation of strategies to achieve the outcomes of the policy. There is also a strong focus on the need for research and innovation to facilitate evidence-based practice in caring for the affected patients. The framework however has the weakness of failing to identify the critical national and local resources that are needed for the success of the policy.
Effects of Social Determinants of Health	Determinants of health such as employment status influence one’s ability to afford high quality care. It also influences one’s health insurance coverage. Factors such as the level of education also influences uptake of existing services for HIV/AIDs. Other factors such as age influence the uptake of HIV/AIDs related services as elderly experience challenges in utilizing them due to low socioeconomic status (Kelley, 2020).
Addressing Cost, Quality, and Access to HIV/AIDs care	Access to HIV/AIDS-related care and services has been improved through provision of free testing and treatment of the disease. There is also expanded health insurance coverage for patients with HIV/AIDs. Quality has been achieved through the utilization of evidence-based practices.	The issue of cost has been addressed by providing HIV/AIDs services such as testing and treatment for free. Healthcare providers receive continuous training to improve the safety and quality of care. The policy also encourages research, innovation, and evidence-based practice to improve the quality of care. Access has been achieved through decentralization of the provision of HIV/AIDs-related services to the lowest levels of healthcare in the country.
Impact on health of global population	It increases access, affordability and utilization of HIV/AIDs related services. It also improves the quality of care offered to the affected patients. It also reduces the disease prevalence globally. It normalizes the disease by addressing issues such as stigmatization of HIV/AIDs patients.
Impact on the role of the nurse	Nurses have the role of reducing the disease prevalence through health education for the public. Nurses also advocate the realization of equity goals of care for the patients. Nurses have to utilize evidence-based practices to improve the outcomes of care for the patients.	Nurses have to focus on collaborating with other healthcare providers to improve outcomes of care. They have to engage in researches to identify innovative, evidence-based practices to improve outcomes of care. They also have to advocate for the adoption of interventions that address disparities in access and utilization of healthcare services.
Impact on Local Health Issues	The policy increases the need for inter-organizational collaboration in addressing issues related to HIV/AIDs. It also strengthens the need for community involvement in issues related to HIV/AIDs.	Local organizations have been encouraged to support initiatives that improve outcomes of care for HIV/AIDs patients.

If you talk about a possible poor health outcome, do you believe that outcome will occur? Do you believe eye contact and personal contact should be avoided?

You would have a difficult time practicing as a nurse if you believed these to be true. But they are very real beliefs in some cultures.

Differences in cultural beliefs, subcultures, religion, ethnic customs, dietary customs, language, and a host of other factors contribute to the complex environment that surrounds global healthcare issues. Failure to understand and account for these differences can create a gulf between practitioners and the public they serve.

In this Assignment, you will examine a global health issue and consider the approach to this issue by the United States and by one other country.

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To Prepare:

Review the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global health agenda and select one global health issue to focus on for this Assignment. Global health issue I select is STDs ( Sexual Transmitted Disease)
Select at least one additional country to compare to the U.S. for this Assignment. one additional country is Australia.
Reflect on how the global health issue you selected is approached in the U.S. and in the additional country you selected.
Review and download the Global Health Comparison Matrix provided in the Resources.

The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Global Health Comparison Matrix; 1-page Plan for Social Change)

Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix

Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:

Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additionalcountry you selected for study.

Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix

Global Healthcare Issue	Communicable Diseases
Description	Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are illnesses caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can be transmitted from one person to another, either directly or indirectly. These diseases can spread through different modes of transmission, including respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, contaminated food or water, and insect bites. Common examples of communicable diseases include influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19.
Country	United States	Nigeria
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