NUR 631 Topic 2 DQ 2

Topic 2 DQ 2

1. Explain the differences between innate and adaptive immunity.

The immune system provides a layer of protection against pathogens continuously and effectively by way of organizational, structure, and situation to microbes, toxins, cellular and tissue damage. In addition, there are 3 layers of protection and innate immunity or natural immunity consisting of external barriers that includes the skin and mucosal surfaces. Moreover, the innate consist of another part and that is the inflammatory system that contains a series of defense to tissue injury or infection and responds in an immediate response, broadly specific, and is a determinant on adaptive immunity (McCance & Huether, 2018). Adaptive immunity is considered the third line of defense that is slow in activation and has memory for new pathogenic organisms that are foreign to body in which no previous exposure had taken place or actively taken place or both. 

2 Explain the differences between primary and secondary lines of defense.

In primary line there are external barriers that are involved that protect our body from infection and cell and tissue injury to the entire body. In addition, the cells do not have memory, but do protect from own body by skin mucous membranes- cells or cytokines like lysozyme, low pH in stomach lining and mucosa of bladder.

Next is the Secondary line of defense consisting of inflammatory system that has 2 duties; a respond to tissue injury or infection and usually one can see the response immediate, Moreover, the cells involved are mast cells granulocytes, including the B cells and T cells presentation and proliferation, active immunity is major part on this step-in continuation of the adaptive system.

In neonates have not developed the resistance to pathogens but do develop antibodies that have been pass via placenta and are considered immature cells but capacity to learn and become mature cells. Furthermore, the clients with older age have the immune system ready and prime from many years of exposure to pathogens.

           The complement system is part of our immune system in which it has the capacity to destroy pathogens directly by lysis of pathogen and cell mediators with signaling other cells to attack in case of a severe infection. (McCance, 2018).

  Macrocytes are inside the vascular system and once outside are the macrophages outside the vascular Macrophage are larger sized cells which aid in wound healing by initiating inflammation system.

·  Dendritic Cell: process antigen from a site of inflammation to T-cell-rich areas of lymph nodes where are by products in which the mature and prepare for antigens.

·      Mast Cell- cellular bags of granules located in the connective tissue alongside vasculature. Chemicals are excreted by degradation or by synthesis of lipid-derived chemical mediators. Mast cells are responsible for the release of H1 and H2 histamine receptors.

·      Neutrophil-also known as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), play a crucial role in early inflammatory response. “Neutrophils ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular breakdown.

·      Basophil: are a type of phagocyte but are not classified as a mast cell. McCance describes basophils provide an important source for cytokines, but their actual role is uncertain.

·      Natural Killer Cell: are specialized cells that recognize and destroy cells invaded with viruses or cancer within the blood.

·      T-Cells (T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, memory T-cells, and T-regulatory cells): are established in the thymus where T-cell maturation occurs then released into the blood and secondary lymph organs awaiting antigens-helper (T-h) cells are released during the second phase of the immune response. T-h cells help the maturation of both T and B cells. T-cytotoxic (T-c) cells directly destroy abnormal or foreign cells. T-regulatory (T-r) cells regulate the immune response to avoid attacking the host. McCance further describes cellular differentiation occurs when T-c cells kill infected or malignant cells and develop memory cells. Memory T cells are evolved when a second exposure to an antigen occurs and the T-cell responds more rapidly after being imprinted regulatory lymphocytes decrease Th1 and Th2 suppressing cell proliferation and antigen recognition, ultimately suppressing immune response buy T-regulatory cells regulate the individual’s immune response in order to protect the host from autoimmune reactions.

·B-Cells (antibodies and memory B-cells): B-Cells mature in the bone marrow. McCance expresses when an immature B cell encounters an antigen for the first time, B cells are aroused to differentiate and proliferate. A differentiated B cell becomes plasma cell then the plasma cell is an antibody production storehouse B-cells ultimately become long-lived memory cells (Rodge& Young,, 2018).

Reference

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.

Rodgers, G. P., & Young, N. S. (2018). The bethesda handbook of clinical hematology. Wolters Kluwer.

Answer both of the following discussion questions for your discussion response using the “Discussion Forum Sample.”

1. Explain the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Explain the differences between the primary and secondary line of defense. What factors interfere with these mechanisms? How are these levels of immunity affected in a child, an elderly person, or a person with a chronic disease?
2. Explain the complement system and the roles of macrophage, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, basophils, natural killer cells, T-cells (T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, memory T-cells, and T-regulatory cells), and B-cells (antibodies and memory B-cells

1. The innate immune system is the body’s first line of defense against germs entering the body (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). The innate immune system consists of protection offered by the skin and mucus membranes as well as the immune systems defense cells and proteins (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). In contrast, the adaptive immune system takes over if the innate immune system is unable to destroy germs (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). The adaptive immune system specifically targets the type of germ causing the infection (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). When comparing primary and secondary lines of defense, the body’s primary line of defense refers to physical and chemical barriers used to defend against invading pathogens (McCance et al., 2018). In contrast, the body’s secondary line of defense refers to the body’s more specific and adaptive immune response and includes both innate and acquired immunity (McCance et al., 2018). Many factors can interfere with the many mechanisms of the body’s immune system. Some of these include: stress, age, body composition, lifestyle factors, gut flora, and medications (McCance et al., 2018). When looking at different age groups and the affect on the immune system, the immune system’s capacity specifically declines with age after 70 years of age (McCance et al., 2018). Children in comparison have an innate, immature and adaptive immune system that matures and acquires memory and strength with age (McCance et al., 2018). With someone who has a chronic disease like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, the risk of developing various infections can be higher (McCance et al., 2018).
2. The complement system is part of the body’s immune system that cleans up damaged cells, helps the body heal after an injury or infection and destroys microscopic organisms that cause sickness (McCance et al., 2018). Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). Dendritic cells are a special type of immune cell that is found in the skin or other tissues and boosts the immune response by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). Mast cells play an important role in how the immune system responds to certain bacteria and parasites and they help control other types of immune response (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection as a first-line responder to bacterias and viruses (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2020). Basophils are a type of white blood cell that defends the body from allergens, pathogens and parasites (McCance et al., 2018). Natural killer T cells are a type of T cell that can kill invading microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses and cancer cells, by releasing cytokines (McCance et al., 2018). T-helper cells are immune cells produced by the thymus and activate other immune cells to fight an infection when it’s sensed in the body (McCance et al., 2018). Cytotoxic T cells are a type of immune cell that can kill foreign cells including cancer cells and cells infected with a virus (McCance et al., 2018). Cytotoxic T cells can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, and then given to a patient to kill cancer cells (McCance et al., 2018). Memory T cells are antigen-specific T cells that remain in the body long after an infection has been eliminated (McCance et al., 2018). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to the suppress immune response, which helps maintain homeostasis and self-tolerance (McCance et al., 2018). B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody (McCance et al., 2018). These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them (McCance et al., 2018). Once B-cells are activated, they become plasma cells that produce antibodies in response to an antigen (McCance et al., 2018). Or they become memory cells that remember the antigen so your immune system can quickly identify and fight it in the future (McCance et al., 2018).

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). (2020, July 30). The innate and adaptive immune systems. InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/#

McCance, K.L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., Rote, N. S. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (Eighth ed.). Elsevier.