Research Ethics and Quantitative Research Discussion

Research Ethics and Quantitative Research Discussion

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Question Description
I’m working on a Nursing question and need guidance to help me study.

Discussion Questions: Respond to these posts and represent views about the. Post. 150-200 words and no reference required.

Wilcro:

1 – When conducting quantitative research, there are four different types of research design, descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental and experimental. The categories of these four types relate to variables related to variables in the experiment (McNiff, & Petrick, 2018). These four types of variables can be further categorized into nonexperimental and experimental. Descriptive and correlational have very little or no controls within the experiment (McNiff, & Petrick, 2018). In contrast, experimental design have very strong controls and quasi-experimental have nearly some controls in the design (McNiff, & Petrick, 2018).

An example of a descriptive research design can be seen in a study by Kadiwala, Hun, and Patel, in 2019, A Study to Assess the Prevalence of Malnutrition & its Association with Dental Caries among Preschoolers at Selected Anganwadis of Vadodara City. The study investigated the correlation between malnutrition and dental caries among preschoolers. The researchers selected demographic variables among preschoolers at selected schools and the studies showed that there is a significant correlation between poor nutrition and dental cares. In contrast to descriptive type of design, experimental design contains strict controls as seen in study conducted by Gao, Yin and Sun, 2019, Preoperative irrigation and vacuum sealing drainage with antibiotic-containing drainage fluid of foot and ankle wounds improves outcome of reconstructive skin flap surgery. This study examined the difference in bacterial growth between using a wound drain with antibiotic drainage fluid and those without the antibiotic. Although there are different types of quantitative studies, they all have indicated uses for investigating various research questions.

Chagunhei

2 – Experimental research design is most controlled, has the most manipulation in order to turn out highly reliable outcomes and definitive answers on what factors influence others and how (Grand Canyon University (GCU), 2018). Experimental research focuses on cause and effect relationships with defined variables. The three types of experimental research are pre-experimental research, quasi-experimental and true experimental research (Formplus, 2020). Examples of experimental research would include laboratory experiments of mixing different chemicals to understand what one chemical does to the other chemical when mixed. So, if you were to mix chlorine and alcohol together what would happen.

Non-experimental research design has no control or manipulation that has more chance of bias and has no specific research question (GCU, 2018). This research is usually board and exploratory. Three types of non-experimental research are cross-sectional, correlation and observational (Formplus, 2020). An example of non-experimental research is investigating into characteristics of different chemical agents. So, if you take chorine and study the characteristics, behavior and nature of the chemical.

In summary, experimental research has lots of control and manipulation on the variables of the experiment, where non-experimental research has no control or manipulation on the experiment variables. Experimental research is examining the cause and effect relationship, whereas non-experimental explores one variable for characteristics.

CHEREG

3 – Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards manipulating one or more control variables of the research subject(s) and measuring the effect of this manipulation on the subject. It is known for the fact that it allows the manipulation of control variables. This research method is widely used in various physical and social science fields, even though it may be quite difficult to execute. Within the information field, they are much more common in information systems research than in library and information management research. Experimental research is usually undertaken when the goal of the research is to trace cause-and-effect relationships between defined variables. However, the type of experimental research chosen has a significant influence on the results of the experiment.

Non-experimental research is the type of research that does not involve the manipulation of control or independent variable. In non-experimental research, researchers measure variables as they naturally occur without any further manipulation.This type of research is used when the researcher has no specific research question about a causal relationship between 2 different variables, and manipulation of the independent variable is impossible. They are also used when:

subjects cannot be randomly assigned to conditions.

the research subject is about a causal relationship but the independent variable cannot be manipulated.

the research is broad and exploratory

the research pertains to a non-causal relationship between variables.

limited information can be accessed about the research subject.

What Are The Differences Between Experimental and Non-Experimental Research?

Definitions
Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards manipulating one or more control variables and measuring their defect on the dependent variables, while non-experimental research is the type of research that does not involve the manipulation of control variables. The main distinction in these 2 types of research is their attitude towards the manipulation of control variables. Experimental allows for the manipulation of control variables while non-experimental research doesn’t.

Examples of experimental research are laboratory experiments that involve mixing different chemical elements together to see the effect of one element on the other while non-experimental research examples are investigations into the characteristics of different chemical elements.

Consider a researcher carrying out a laboratory test to determine the effect of adding Nitrogen gas to Hydrogen gas. It may be discovered that using the Haber process, one can create Nitrogen gas.

Non-experimental research may further be carried out on Ammonia, to determine its characteristics, behavior, and nature.

HeaCor

4 – is used in research related to psychology, education, and social sciences. It is the typical research method using casual hypotheses. “Experimental research designs are considered to be true experiments and contain three key features: independent and dependent variables, pretesting and post testing, and experimental and control groups” (2020, Experimental Research). The independent variable is the intervention being tested while the dependent variable is the desired effect of the intervention.

An example of experimental research is The Hodge and Hizard, it sought to determine if institutional upbringing effects attachments. A field study was completed about children who were in institutional since an early age up to about to 4 years of age. The study showed that those children who were adopted by age eight were able to form attachments.

Non-experimental research designs are used to answer questions about groups or about whether group differences exist. This type of research is completed without trying to control things that may interfere with the research’s validity.

Questionnaires and surveys are examples of non-experimental research designs.

Chagunhei

5.2 – Sampling theory is picking a particular group to represent a population and the two types of sampling are probability and non-probability (Surbhi, 2016). An example of this theory would be studying Hispanic teens to represent the whole Hispanic population in presence of diabetes. Probability sampling refers to where the subjects of the population gets equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample (Surbhi, 2016). This is known as random sampling and it is unbiased, objective, and yields conclusive research. This type of sampling is randomized and everyone has a fair chance in being part of the sample. For non-probability sampling it is when sampling is not known if an individual from the population will be selected as a sample (Surbhi, 2016). This is also known as non-random sampling that there is basis and exploratory research that is subjective. This type of sampling generates the hypothesis instead of testing it. Also, this type of sampling is usually an assumption that the characteristics exist in the population and will be accurate.

Generalizability is the application of research findings based on a sample of the population and findings in one study will transfer to another similar study (ResearchArticles.com, 2019). This means that in research it is impossible to study the full population and you have to generalize a conclusion from the sample population relates to the full population. In order for generalizability to work you have to have the right sampling techniques, sample size, and application of statistical procedures. This relates to nursing by all of the research into how specific disease spread in a specific population and how it can be prevented. These studies help develop nursing plans to help the specific population in disease prevention and management if they get it. An example of this would be the study of diabetes in Native Americans and how it affects the whole population. With this data you could develop disease prevention education in order to reduce the occurrence of the disease.

Wilcro

6.2 – When conducting research in nursing, typically the population that is being investigated has a specific disease. As it is impossible to include all the persons with this disease, a sample of the whole population which includes the target population (those with the disease) is gathered, this method is called probability sampling (Elfil and Negida, 2017). An example of probability sampling, if a study was investigating heart disease in adults from 40-90 years of age, the sample should include an even distribution of the whole age range, but also include various ethnicities and socio-economic backgrounds to gather an accurate representation of all the individuals that would be included in a typical population. This is assuming ethnicities or socio-economic factors were not being targeted. Another example of sampling theory is “non-probability sampling where the sample population is selected in a non-systematic process that does not guarantee equal chances for each subject in the target population” (Elfil and Negida, 2017). One method of obtaining samples in this method is by convenience where researchers obtain subjects by the patient’s accessibility or availability (Elfil and Negida, 2017). An example of this using the above situation, gathering a sample of heart disease patients from an inner city hospital that has a predominant ethnic population, which does not accurately represent the whole population due to where the sample was obtained. Another significant attribute to nursing research is the generalizability of a study. Generalizability of the study refers to how the sample size was taken, the research environment, and level of randomized selection of the sample (McNiff and Petrick, 2018).

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.